Woman raped man

Rape by gender

This rape by gender article classifies types of rape by the sex of both the rapist and the victim. The scope of the article includes both rape and sexual violence more generally.

Since only a small percentage of acts of sexual violence are brought to the attention of the authorities, [ 1 ] [ 2 ] it is difficult to compile accurate statistics. Often, the statistics of successful convictions are looked at in lieu of this. The U. S. Bureau of Justice Statistics (1997) stated that 91% of United States people whose rape accusations resulted in convictions against the accused were female and 9% were male. It also stated that 99% of the people convicted of and imprisoned in response to rape accusations were male, with only 1% of those convicted being female. [ 3 ]

A large number of rape cases take place when the victims are below the age of consent. bringing in the problem of child sexual abuse. According to a 2013 report by the American Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 28% of victimized straight women and a full 48% of bisexual women experienced their first rape between the ages of 11 and 17. [ 4 ]

Many studies argue that male-male and female-female prison rape are quite common and may be the least reported form of rape. [ 5 ] [ 6 ] [ 7 ]

Contents

Rape of females [ edit ]

Rape of females by males [ edit ]

In a 2000 research article from the Home Office. in England and Wales, around 1 in 20 women (5%) said that they had been raped at some point in their life from the age of 16 beyond. [ 8 ]

In 2011, the US Centers for Disease Control found that "nearly 20% of all women" in the United States suffered rape or attempted rape sometime in their life. More than a third of the victims were raped before the age of 18. [ 9 ]

Many rapes by males against females are unreported because of "fear of reprisal from the assailant" [ 10 ] and because of "shame. and deep-seated cultural notions that the woman is somehow to blame". [ 11 ] Researchers from the University of Surrey estimate that approximately 1 in 7 rapes by males against females are reported. [ 12 ]

Pregnancy may result from rape. The rate varies between settings and depends particularly on the extent to which non-barrier contraceptives are being used. A study of adolescents in Ethiopia found that among those who reported being raped, 17% became pregnant after the rape, [ 13 ] a figure which is similar to the 15–18% reported by rape crisis centres in Mexico. [ 14 ] [ 15 ] A longitudinal study in the United States of over 4000 women followed for 3 years found that the national rape related pregnancy rate was 5.0% per rape among victims aged 12–45 years, producing over 32,000 pregnancies nationally among women from rape each year. [ 16 ] Experience of coerced sex at an early age reduces a woman’s ability to see her sexuality as something over which she has control. [ 17 ] [ 18 ] [ 19 ] [ 20 ]

The rape of women by men has been documented as a weapon of terror in warfare. [ 21 ]

Rape of females by females [ edit ]

Female-on-female rape is often labeled "lesbian rape", though the sexual orientation of the persons involved may not actually be lesbian. Assault by forcible stimulation of external sexual female genitalia or forced penetration by another woman is possible with the use of strap-ons. other dildos. other foreign objects such as the use of the tongue (inserted or external) in forced oral sex, or forced digital manipulation. and non-consensual tribadism .

A few books, such as Violent Betrayal: Partner Abuse in Lesbian Relationships by Dr. Claire M. Renzetti, [ 22 ] No More Secrets: Violence in Lesbian Relationships by Janice Ristock, [ 23 ] and Woman-to-Woman Sexual Violence: Does She Call It Rape? by Lori B. Girshick [ 24 ] also cover the topic of rape of women by other women.

Rape of males [ edit ]

Rape of males by males [ edit ]

Although several major rape cases against men have been exposed in the media, rape is still widely thought of as a crime against women. [ 25 ] The cultural stigma against the crime inhibits male victims from reporting cases and seeking help, but the federal government now includes a broader definition for rape. The former definition of "forcible rape" focused on vaginal penetration, but the newer definition includes forcible anal or oral penetration. The old definition, "the carnal knowledge of a female, forcibly and against her will," did not include forcible oral or anal penetration, the rape of women with other objects or the rape of a man. [ 26 ] This new definition encourages male rape victims to seek the help they need and concurrently include sexual assaults that previously were not covered by the definition of rape. The basis for changing this definition lies in the statistics provided by governmental institutions such as the United States Department of Justice and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). A study done by the CDC found that 1 in 71 men had been raped or had been the target of attempted rape. This study included oral and anal penetration in its definition and did not include men in prison. [ 25 ]

Male-on-male rape has historically been shrouded in secrecy due to the stigma associated with males being raped by other males. According to psychologist Dr. Sarah Crome, fewer than 1 in 10 male-male rapes are reported. As a group, male rape victims reported a lack of services and support, and legal systems are often ill-equipped to deal with this type of crime. [ 27 ]

Research from the UK suggests that almost 3% of men reported a non-consensual sexual experience as adults and over 5% of men reported sexual abuse as a child. [ 28 ] This does not take into account the possibility of underreporting. Recognition of male on male rape in law has historically been limited; the first successful prosecution for attempted male on male rape in the UK was not until 1995.

Several studies argue that male-male prisoner rape. as well as female-female prisoner rape, are common types of rape which go unreported even more frequently than rape in the general population. [ 5 ] [ 6 ] [ 7 ]

The rape of men by men has been documented as a weapon of terror in warfare. [ 29 ]

Rape of males by females [ edit ]

According to the U. S. Bureau of Justice Statistics. female on male rape accounted for 0.2% of all known and convicted rapes in the United States. [ 30 ]

Two myths that men are not able to be raped by women include: Men always want sex, so women do not have to force themselves on men, and men must be aroused to have an erection. [ 31 ] However, much like female erectile response, male erectile response is involuntary, [ 32 ] [ 33 ] meaning that a man need not be aroused for his penis to become erect and be placed in a woman's vagina; mechanical stimulation is all that is necessary. Arousal and stimulation are not the same thing. Stimulation is a physical response to a stimulus. For example, when a person steps on another person's toe, the stimulation felt is pain and there is nothing that can be done about this. Men can be physically stimulated without feeling aroused and thus causing an erection. Men can be scared and intimidated into one, especially if the person is older or an authority. [ 31 ]

Male victims of sexual abuse by females [ 34 ] often face social, political, and legal double standards. [ 35 ] [ 36 ] Gender-neutral laws have combated the perception that rape rarely occurs to men, [ 37 ] and other laws have eliminated the term rape altogether. [ 38 ] In 1978 in the UK, Joyce McKinney was sentenced to 12 months in prison for forcing a man to have sex with her while chained up. With the prospect of male sexual victimization presenting itself in the media, the primary myths and facts about rape against can be accessible to the public. Many of the myths about male sexual victims are centered on cultural and sexual stereotypes that a proportion of society holds against victims. Some of the major myths about male sexual victims include the following: boys and men cannot be victims, most sexual abuse of boys is committed by gay males, boys are less traumatized than girls, and physical arousal by boys means that they were willingly participating in the encounter. [ 39 ] Each of these myths can be countered by sociological, psychological and scientific evidence.

Several widely publicized cases of female-on-male statutory rape in the United States involved school teachers raping their underage students. Federal law states that the age of consent in the United States is 18 nationally, but may range from 16-18 within differing states. Under federal law, any sexual encounters between adults and minors under the age of consent is considered sexual assault. (See, for example, Mary Kay Letourneau or Debra Lafave .)

Some cases in the United States have received increased attention and sparked awareness within the population. Sometimes referred to as "made to penetrate" cases, male rape victims are made to engage in penetration of the female without proper consent. Many times the male victims are under the influence of drugs or alcohol or being held in life threatening positions. The case of Cierra Ross [ 40 ] sexually assaulting a man in Chicago gained national headlines and Ross was convicted of aggravated criminal sexual abuse and armed robbery with a bail set at $75,000. Cases like this one are often described as "unusual" or "uncommon." In the case of a female being a victim of sexual assault, the male criminal could face up to a life sentence in prison, whereas the punishment for a female rapist is far less severe. A similar case includes James Landrith. [ 41 ]

Since most studies have found that people tend to blame the victim of rape for the incident, a study called Gender Differences in Attributions of Blame for Male Rape Victims in the Journal of Interpersonal Violence focused on where the blame lies in rape cases. In cases of female rape victims, a higher proportion of males than females tend to blame the victim for the sexual assault. In order to show whether males or female respondents blamed the rape victim at a higher rate, this study utilized a story of a man being raped to see if the blame was placed on the victim or the assaulter. After performing the experiment, researchers found that a statistically significant proportion of males tend to blame the victim, even when the rape victim is a male. [ 42 ] This study implies that even in cases of male sexual victimization, the male victims are held responsible for the assault by the majority of the uninvolved population.

References [ edit ]

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Dumond, "Ignominious Victims: Effective Treatment of Male Sexual Assault in Prison," August 15, 1995, p. 2; states that "evidence suggests that [male-male sexual assault in prison] may a staggering problem"). Quoted in Mariner, Joanne; (Organization), Human Rights Watch (2001-04-17). No escape: male rape in U. S. prisons . Human Rights Watch. p. 370. ISBN  978-1-56432-258-6. Retrieved 7 June 2010.   ^ a b Struckman-Johnson, Cindy; Struckman-Johnson, David (2006). "A Comparison of Sexual Coercion Experiences Reported by Men and Women in Prison". Journal of Interpersonal Violence 21 (12): 1591–1615. doi :10.1177/0886260506294240. ISSN  0886-2605. PMID  17065656.   ; reports that "Greater percentages of men (70%) than women (29%) reported that their incident resulted in oral, vaginal, or anal sex. More men (54%) than women (28%) reported an incident that was classified as rape." ^ Rape and sexual assault of women: findings from the British Crime Survey. (PDF). Retrieved on 2011-10-01. ^ "Nearly 20% of women in the US are raped or suffer attempted rape at some point in their lives, a US study says.". BBC World . 15 December 2011. Retrieved 15 December 2011.   ^ "(CVS)". Crime Victim Services. Retrieved 2013-08-19.   ^ "Rape and Sexual Assault". Pbs. org. Retrieved 2013-08-19.   ^ "Between 70-90% rapes thought to go unreported …and 94% of reported cases don’t end in a conviction - University of Surrey - Guildford". Surrey. ac. uk. Retrieved 2013-08-19.   ^ Mulugeta, E; Kassaye, M; Berhane, Y (1998). "Mulugeta E, Kassaye M, Berhane Y. Prevalence and outcomes of sexual violence among high school students". Ethiopian medical journal 36 (3): 167–74. PMID  10214457.   ^ Evaluacio? n de proyecto para educacio? n, capacitacio? n y atencio? n a mujeres y menores de edad en materia de violencia sexual, enero a diciembre 1990. [An evaluation of a project to provide education, training and care for women and minors affected by sexual violence, January–December 1990.] Mexico City, Asociacion Mexicana contra la Violencia a las Mujeres, 1990. ^ Carpeta de informacion basica para la atencion solidaria y feminista a mujeres violadas. [Basic information file for mutually supportive feminist care for women rape victims.] Mexico City, Centro de Apoyo a Mujeres Violadas, 1985. ^ Holmes, MM; Resnick, HS; Kilpatrick, DG; Best, CL (1996). "Rape-related pregnancy: estimates and descriptive characteristics from a national sample of women". American journal of obstetrics and gynecology 175 (2): 320–4; discussion 324–5. doi :10.1016/S0002-9378(96)70141-2. PMID  8765248.   ^ Jewkes, R; Vundule, C; Maforah, F; Jordaan, E (2001). "Relationship dynamics and adolescent pregnancy in South Africa". Social science & medicine (1982) 52 (5): 733–44. doi :10.1016/s0277-9536(00)00177-5. PMID  11218177.   ^ Boyer, D.; Fine, D. (1992). "Sexual abuse as a factor in adolescent pregnancy". Family Planning Perspectives 24 (1): 4–19. doi :10.2307/2135718. JSTOR  2135718. PMID  1601126.   ^ Roosa, M. W.; Tein, J. Y.; Reinholtz, C.; Angelini, P. J. (1997). "The relationship of childhood sexual abuse to teenage pregnancy". Journal of Marriage and the Family 59 (1): 119–130. JSTOR  353666.   ^ Stock, JL; Bell, MA; Boyer, DK; Connell, FA (1997). "Adolescent pregnancy and sexual risk taking among sexually abused girls". Family Planning Perspectives 29 (5): 200–3, 227. doi :10.2307/2953395. PMID  9323495.   ^ "Rape as a Weapon of War and it's (sic) Long-term Effects on Victims and Society". Ts-si. org. Retrieved 2013-08-19.   ^ Renzetti, Claire M. Violent Betrayal: Partner Abuse in Lesbian Relationships. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 1992, ISBN 0-8039-3888-8 . ^ Ristock, Janice. No More Secrets: Violence in Lesbian Relationships . New York: Routledge, 2002, ISBN 0-415-92946-6 . ^ Girshick, Lori B. Woman-to-Woman Sexual Violence: Does She Call It Rape? (The Northeastern Series on Gender, Crime, and the Law) . Boston: Northeastern University Press, 2000, ISBN 1-55553-527-5 . ^ a b Rabin, Roni Caryn (23 January 2012). "Men Struggle for Rape Awareness". The New York Times . Retrieved 30 November 2013.   ^ Savage, Charlie (2012-01-06). "U. S. to Expand Its Definition of Rape in Statistics". The New York Times . Retrieved 2014-02-10.   ^ "Male rape victims left to suffer in silence". abc. net. au. February 9, 2001. Retrieved 2007-05-30.   ^ Coxell A, King M, Mezey G, Gordon D (1999). "Lifetime Prevalence, characteristics, and associated problems of non-consensual sex in men". BMJ 318 (7187): 846–50. doi :10.1136/bmj.318.7187.846. PMC  27803. PMID  10092264.   ^ Storr, Will (17 July 2011). "The rape of men : Society : The Observer". The Observer (London: Guardian. co. uk). Retrieved 17 July 2011. "Sexual violence is one of the most horrific weapons of war, an instrument of terror used against women. Yet huge numbers of men are also victims."   ^ "Sex Offenses and Offenders". p. 11. Retrieved 9 September 2014.   ^ a b When Women Sexually Abuse Men: The Hidden Side of Rape, Stalking, Harassment. - Philip W. Cook, Tammy J. Hodo - Google Books . Books. google. com. Retrieved 2014-01-11.   ^ Philip M. Sarrel; William H. Masters (1982). "Sexual molestation of men by women". Archives of Sexual Behavior 11 (2): 82–88. doi :10.1007/BF01541979. PMID  7125884.   ^ "Male Rape". The National Center for Victims of Crime. 1997. Retrieved 2006-03-12.   ^ Barbara Krahe; Renate Scheinberger-Olwig; Steffen Bieneck (2003). "Men's Reports of Nonconsensual Sexual Interactions with Women: Prevalence and Impact". Archives of Sexual Behavior 32 (5): 165. doi :10.1023/A:1022456626538.   ^ Myriam S. Denov (2004). Perspectives on female sex offending: a culture of denial . Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. ISBN  978-0-7546-3565-9.   |accessdate= requires |url= (help ) ^ "Male Sexual Victimization Myths & Facts". malesurvivor. org. Retrieved 2008-08-03.   ^ Rape – Overview; Act and Mental State . Wayne R. LaFave Professor of Law, University of Illinois, "Substantive Criminal Law" 752-756 (3d ed. 2000) ^ See, for example, Michigan Statutes for the first degree felony, section 520b, "(1) A person is guilty of criminal sexual conduct in the first degree if he or she engages in sexual penetration of another person." ^ "Male Sexual Victimization Myths & Facts". MaleSurvivor. Retrieved 2014-02-10.   ^ "Cierra Ross, Chicago Mom, Charged With Raping Man At Gunpoint". huffingtonpost. com. 2013-09-06. Retrieved 2014-06-16.   ^ "Against his will: The reality of male rape". CNN. com. 2013-10-10. Retrieved 2014-01-11.   ^ Whatley, Mark A. and Ronald E. Riggio. (1993). Gender Differences in Attributions of Blame for Male Rape Victims. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 8(4), 502-511. doi :10.1177/088626093008004005)

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Wartime sexual violence

Wartime sexual violence are rapes or other forms of sexual violence committed by combatants during armed conflict or war, or during military occupation often as spoils of war ; but sometimes, particularly in ethnic conflict. the phenomenon has broader sociological motives. Wartime sexual violence may also include gang rape and rape with objects. It is distinguished from sexual assaults and rape committed amongst troops in military service. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] It also covers the situation where girls and women are forced into prostitution or sexual slavery by an occupying power.

During war and armed conflict, rape is frequently used as a means of psychological warfare in order to humiliate the enemy. Wartime sexual violence may occur in a variety of situations, including institutionalised sexual slavery, wartime sexual violence associated with specific battles or massacres, and individual or isolated acts of sexual violence.

Rape is recognized as an element of the crime of genocide when committed with the intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a targeted group; however, rape remains widespread in conflict zones. There are other international legal instruments to prosecute perpetrators but this has occurred as late as the 1990s. [ citation needed ] However, these legal instruments have so far only been used for international conflicts, thus putting the burden of proof in citing the international nature of conflict in order for prosecution to proceed.

Can A Man Be Raped?

Of course, the much more important question here isn't medical; it's criminal. Can a woman rape a man?

The headline jumped out at me from CNN. com, and I clicked through fast: “3 Women in Zimbabwe Charged in Series of Sex Attacks on Men .”

My impulse to click was exactly the reaction CNN’s web team had targeted. But I read the article for a reason other than sexual curiosity. It was more a medical question: Can a woman really rape a man? What if he ejaculates? Is this rape?

The news story was this: Three women in their 20s were charged with raping 17 men in Zimbabwe and keeping their sperm in condoms for some sort of health-related ritual. (That logic is reason enough for the world to step up efforts to educate girls.) The young women apparently used drugs and raped the men at gunpoint. In regard to men raped by women, this is where the medical question popped into my head.

Can Men Come In A Stressful Situation?

We all know that a woman can certainly be raped while drugged and full of terror, but a man, well, a man has to sort of function to complete the task. But can he function on drugs or at gunpoint? I know men who can’t even pee if someone is watching.

Not convinced that a Google search would yield my answer, I decided to go to a real authority: my predominantly male Facebook page. There is a nice cross section of the male body (pun intended) among my 5,000 friends, so I knew they would have the answers. Not surprisingly, the comment stream was long. At the beginning, my male friends were as confused as I. Some dismissed the whole notion that this was a rape.

“Unless you are a straight man with dudes forcing sex on you, you can’t be raped,” said one. “You can’t rape the willing,” said another. More than a couple said they couldn’t comment because they were busy booking a ticket to Africa.

So, I brought up the drug and gunpoint thing again. Was ejaculation possible under such circumstances? The answers were mixed.

What Guys Think About Men Raped By Women

“If you’re scared and drugged, you're not going to orgasm.”

“I don't agree. If a man is stimulated, he would ejaculate regardless of ‘willing’ or not.”

“It's not uncommon, since men produce sperm when intoxicated.”

Then came a true voice of wisdom. One of my Facebook friends teaches at a medical school and tells me this very question is sometimes on medical board exams. So here’s how the professor weighed in:

“Ejaculation is a spinal level reflex; it can happen. I have seen it happen in people having seizures or read documented evidence that it happens during hanging too. It's even a question asked on med boards often enough whether a tetraplegic can ejaculate. It's my understanding that as long as the sympathetic nervous arc is intact, one can come. For erection it's a parasympathetic one, and it's influenced by the higher centers, i. e. erotic thoughts, etc.”

Thanks, Doc. In household language, he’s basically saying that an erection isn’t necessary to produce sperm. Got it.

Of course, the much more important question here isn’t medical; it’s criminal. Can a woman rape a man? Yes. If someone does not agree to have sex with another and a sexual act is forced upon them, that is called rape. And it is clearly illegal, hopefully as much in Africa as in North America.

Editor's Note: The quotes taken from Wendy Walsh's Facebook page have been edited for clarity.

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